Voltage Topologies – Part 2 of 2

This article covers the second part of the switching regulator topologies, which will include the isolated converters like Flyback, forward, Push-Pull, Half-Bridge, and Full-Bridge converters.

Isolated DC-DC converters are classified into:

1. Flyback converters
2. Forward Converter
3. Push-Pull Converter
4. Half-Bridge Converter
5. Full-Bridge Converter

Flyback converters

Figure 6 shows the basic topology of a flyback circuit. Unregulated DC voltage obtained from the utility ac supply can be input into the circuit after some filtering and post rectification. The ripple in the DC voltage waveform is usually of low frequency, and the general ripple voltage waveform repeats at twice the ac mains frequency. Since the SMPS circuit operates at a much higher frequency (in the range of 100 kHz), the input voltage, despite being unregulated, may be considered to have a constant magnitude during any high-frequency cycle. A fast switching device ('S'), similar to a MOSFET, is used with fast dynamic control over the switch duty ratio (ratio of ON time to switching time) to maintain the desired output voltage. The transformer, in Figure 6, finds use in voltage isolation and for better matching between input and output voltage and current requirements. The transformer's primary and secondary windings have good coupling so that the almost identical magnetic flux links them.

The flyback transformer's primary and secondary windings resemble two magnetically coupled inductors as they don't conduct simultaneously. It may be appropriate to label the flyback transformer an inductor-transformer. The magnetic circuit design of a flyback transformer is done accordingly to that of an inductor. The flyback transformer’s output section consists of voltage rectification and filtering, which is considerably uncomplicated than most other switched-mode power supply circuits. Figure 6 shows the rectification and filtering of a secondary winding voltage using a diode and a capacitor. The SMPS output voltage is the voltage across this filter capacitor. There are two modes of operation: (1) mode 1 when switch Q₁ turns on, and (2) mode 2 when Q₁ turns off.

Figure 6: A Flyback converter

Applications of Flyback converters

• They find primary use in SMPS circuits such as mobile chargers, standby supplies in computers, etc
• It uses minimal-priced output power supplies, special personal computers of less than 250 watts
• They are present in a high voltage supply range for oscilloscopes in monitors and televisions
• It finds use in applications requiring high voltages, such as lasers, Photostat machines, xenon type of flash lamps, and others
• They are present in power line carrier communications

Forward Converter

The forward converter resembles the flyback. Figure 7 shows the transformer core reset by reset winding, where the energy stored in the transformer core returns to the supply and the efficiency rises. The dot arrangement on the transformer's secondary winding ensures that the output diode D2 is forward biased when the voltage across the primary is positive, that is, when the transistor is on. Energy is thus not stored within the primary inductance as it was for the flyback. The transformer acts strictly as an ideal transformer. Unlike the flyback, the forward converter operates in the continuous mode. The forward converter is more challenging to control in the discontinuous mode because of a double pole existing at the output filter. There are two modes of operation: (1) mode 1 when switch Q₁ turns on, and (2) mode 2 when Q₁ turns off.

Figure 7: A Forward converter

Applications of Forward converters

• Off-line supplies
• Solar Power Systems
• Hybrid Charging Techniques
• Computer power supply
• Aerospace supply

Push-Pull Converter

Figure 8 shows a push-pull configuration. When Q₁ is on, V_s appears across one-half of the primary. When Q₂ is on, V_s applies across the other half of the transformer. The voltage of a primary winding swings from -V_s to V_s. The average current through the transformer should be zero. The average output voltage is

Transistors Q₁ and Q₂ operate with a 50 percent duty cycle. The open-circuit voltage is V_oc = 2V_s, the average current of a transistor is IA = Is/2, and the peak ­transistor current is Ip = Is., This configuration is suitable for low-voltage applications because the open-circuit transistor voltage is twice the supply voltage. A constant current source often drives the push-pull converter, and the primary current is a square wave that produces a secondary voltage.

Figure 8: A Push-Pull Converter

Applications of Push-Pull converters

• It operates with greater efficiency and less noise and is available in middle to high power applications
• Power Supplies
• DC to AC inverter
• DC to DC converter
• Equipment

Half-Bridge Converter

Figure 9 shows a simple configuration of a half-bridge converter. This converter is functionally two back-to-back forward converters fed by the same input voltage, each delivering power to the load at each alternate half-cycle. The placement of capacitors C₁ and C₂ across the input terminals ensures that the primary winding voltage is always half of the input V_s/2. There are four modes of operation: (1) mode 1 when switch Q₁ is on and switch Q₂ is off, (2) mode 2 when both Q₁ and Q₂ are off, (3) mode 3 when switch Q₁ is off and switch Q₂ is on, and (4) mode 4 when both Q1 and Q2 are off again. Switches Q1 and Q2 turn on and off accordingly to produce a square-wave ac at the primary side of the transformer. This square wave is either stepped down or up by the isolation transformer and rectified by diodes D₁ and D₂. The rectified voltage is subsequently filtered to produce the output voltage V_o.

Figure 9: A Half-Bridge Converter

Applications of Half-Bridge converters

• They are suitable for high input voltage applications up to 440 V mains
• It Finds use in large computer supplies
• It finds use in lab equipment supplies

Full-Bridge Converter

Figure 10 shows the basic configuration of a full-bridge converter with four power switches. There are four modes of operation: (1) mode 1 when switches Q₁ and Q₄ are on while Q₂ and Q₃ are off; (2) mode 2 when all switches are off; (3) mode 3 when switches Q₁ and Q₄ are off, while Q₂ and Q₃ are on; and (4) mode 4 when all switches are off. Switches turn on and off accordingly to produce a square-wave ac at the primary side of the transformer. The output voltage steps up (or down), rectified, and then filtered to produce a DC output voltage. The capacitor C₁ balances the volt-second integrals during the two half-cycles and prevents the transformer from becoming driven into saturation.

Figure 10: A Full-Bridge Converter

Applications of Full-Bridge converters

• They are flexible and operate in power supplies above 150W
• Operates in DC servo motor drives, generating ac voltage for ac motor drives, RF heating, and isolated switched-mode power supplies
• They are present in hybrid electric vehicles, rail-guided shuttles, and automatic industrial applications

Conclusion

No single topology is best for all applications. A given application's correct switching power supply topology depends on particular requirements, including cost, size, time factors, and expected production volume. Opting to buy a suitable converter is prudent to save significant design time.